TYPE 3 CONDITIONAL

TYPE 3 CONDITIONAL

The type 3 conditional is used to refer to a time that is in the past, and a situation that is contrary to reality. The facts they are based on are the opposite of what is expressed. The type 3 conditional is used to refer to an unreal past condition and its probable past result. In type 3 conditional sentences, the if clause uses the past perfect, and the main clause uses the perfect conditional.

If clause	Main clause
If + past perfect	perfect conditional or perfect continuous conditional
If this thing had happened	that thing would have happened. (but neither of those things really happened) OR that thing would have been happening.
If you had studied harder	you would have passed the exam.
If it had rained	you would have gotten wet.
If I had accepted that promotion	I would have been working in Milan.

FORM

In a Type 3 conditional sentence, the tense in the 'if' clause is the past perfect, and the tense in the main clause is the perfect conditional or the perfect continuous conditional.

If clause (condition)	Main clause (result)
If + past perfect	perfect conditional or perfect continuous conditional
If this thing had happened	that thing would have happened.

As in all conditional sentences, the order of the clauses is not fixed. You may have to rearrange the pronouns and adjust punctuation when you change the order of the clauses, but the meaning is identical.

EXAMPLES

• If it had rained, you would have gotten wet.
• You would have gotten wet if it had rained.
• You would have passed your exam if you had worked harder.
• If you had worked harder, you would have passed your exam.
• I would have believed you if you hadn't lied to me before.
• If you hadn't lied to me before, I would have believed you.

FUNCTION

The type 3 conditional refers to an impossible condition in the past and its probable result in the past. These sentences are truly hypothetical and unreal, because it is now too late for the condition or its result to exist. There is always some implication of regret with type 3 conditional sentences. The reality is the opposite of, or contrary to, what the sentence expresses. In type 3 conditional sentences, the time is the past and the situation ishypothetical.

EXAMPLES

• If I had worked harder I would have passed the exam. (But I didn't work hard, and I didn't pass the exam.)
• If I had known you were coming I would have baked a cake. (But I didn't know and I didn't bake a cake.)
• I would have been happy if you had called me on my birthday. (But you didn't call me and I am not happy.)

In type 3 conditional sentences, you can also use modals in the main clause instead of "would" to express the degree of certainty, permission, or a recommendation about the outcome.

EXAMPLES

• If I had worked harder I might have passed the exam.
• You could have been on time if you had caught the bus.
• If he called you, you could go.
• If you bought my school supplies for me, I might be able to go to the park.

CONTRACTIONS

Both would and had can be contracted to 'd, which can be confusing if you are not confident with type 3 conditional sentences. Remember 2 rules:
1. would never appears in the if-clause so if 'd appears in the if clause, it must be abbreviating had.
2. had never appears before have so if 'd appears on a pronoun just before have, it must be abbreviating would.

EXAMPLES

• If I'd known you were in hospital, I'd have visited you.
• If I had known you were in hospital, I would have visited you.
• I'd have bought you a present if I'd known it was your birthday.
• I would have bought you a present if I had known it was your birthday.
• If you'd given me your e-mail, I'd have written to you.
• If you had given me your e-mail, I would have written to you.

THE PERFECT CONDITIONAL TENSE

The perfect conditional of any verb is composed of three elements:
would + have + past participle
Have followed by the past participle is used in other constructions as well. it is called the "perfect infinitive".

Subject	+ would	+ have	+ past participle
He	would	have	gone
They	would	have	stayed

TO GO: PERFECT CONDITIONAL

Affirmative	Negative	Interrogative	Interrogative Negative
I would have gone	I wouldn't have gone	Would I have gone?	Wouldn't I have gone?
You would have gone	You wouldn't have gone	Would you have gone?	Wouldn't you have gone?
He would have gone	He wouldn't have gone	Would he have gone?	Wouldn't he have gone?
She would have gone	She wouldn't have gone	Would she have gone?	Wouldn't she have gone?
We would have gone	We wouldn't have gone	Would we have gone?	Wouldn't we have gone?
They would have gone	They wouldn't have gone	Would they have gone?	Wouldn't they have gone?

PERFECT CONTINUOUS CONDITIONAL

FORM

In type 3 conditional sentences, the perfect form of the present conditional may be used.

If clause (condition)	Main clause (result)
If + past perfect	perfect continuous conditional
If this thing had happened	that thing would have been happening.

FUNCTION

The perfect continuous conditional can be used in type 3 conditional sentences. It refers to the unfulfilled result of the action in the if-clause, and expresses this result as an unfinished or continuous action.

EXAMPLES

• If the weather had been better (but it wasn't), I'd have been sitting in the garden when he arrived (but I wasn't).
• If she hadn't got a job in London (but she did), she would have been working in Paris (but she wasn't).
• If I had had a ball I would have been playing football.
• If I had known it was dangerous I wouldn't have been climbing that cliff.

THE PERFECT CONTINUOUS CONDITIONAL TENSE

The perfect continuous conditional tense of any verb is composed of four elements:
would + have + been + present participle
The present participle is formed by taking the base form of the verb and adding the -ing ending.

Subject	+ would	+ have	+ been	+ present participle
He	would	have	been	staying
They	would	have	been	going

TO WORK: PERFECT CONTINUOUS CONDITIONAL

Affirmative	Negative	Interrogative	Interrogative Negative
I would have been living	I wouldn't have been living	Would I have been living?	Wouldn't I have been living?
You would have been living	You wouldn't have been living	Would you have been living?	Wouldn't you have been living?
He would have been living	He wouldn't have been living	Would he have been living?	Wouldn't he have been living?
She would have been living	She wouldn't have been living	Would she have been living?	Wouldn't she have been living?
We would have been living	We wouldn't have been living	Would we have been living?	Wouldn't we have been living?
They would have been living	They wouldn't have been living	Would they have been living?	Wouldn't they have been living?